[ursi-commission-g] URSI General Assembly - New Delhi - October 23-29 2005

Mon, 31 Jan 2005 18:29:27 -0000

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Colleagues

Can we please draw you attention to the following URSI General Assembly =
sessions appropriate to Commission G. Please note that the deadline of =
abstract submission was February 1, 2005, but now it has been extended =
to February 15, 2005.  You may submit your abstract online through =
website: http://www.ursiga2005.org.=20

kind regards

Christian Hanuise and Paul Cannon
_________________________________________________________________________=
_________________

G01a - Imaging of the ionosphere (I,C,P)

Thursday 27/10/2005  14:00 - 16:20 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room CC-5

Convener: B. Wilson (USA) / email: brian.wilson@jpl.nasa.gov

Co-convener(s): M. Codrescu (USA) , C. Mitchell (UK)=20

Summary

This special session seeks to review the latest developments in the =
field of ionospheric data assimilation and tomography. Papers dealing =
with the need for ionospheric imaging, methods, and their strengths and =
limitations, and uncertainties related to the measurements, models and =
imaging results are welcome. Papers about the implications of imaging =
for both space weather operations and future research will also be =
considered. This is a field where measurements and models work together =
for the advancement of both.

----------------------------------------------

=20

G01b - Imaging of the ionosphere (I,C,P)

Saturday 29/10/2005  09:00 - 11:40 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room =
CC-5

Convener: B. Wilson (USA) / email: brian.wilson@jpl.nasa.gov

Co-convener(s): M. Codrescu (USA) , C. Mitchell (UK)=20

Summary

(Session continuation)

----------------------------------------------

=20

G02a - Ionospheric effects on radio systems (I,C,P)

Wednesday 26/10/2005  09:00 - 12:40 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room =
CC-5

Convener: H. Chandra (India) / email: hchandra@prl.ernet.in

Co-convener(s): P. Lassudrie (France) =20

Summary

This session includes ionospheric effects on terrestrial and earth-space =
propagation at all latitudes. The frequencies involved range from VLF to =
microwaves. Systems to be considered include radio communications =
systems, the Global Navigation Satellite System, satellite SAR imagery =
and ocean altimetry by satellite borne radars

----------------------------------------------

=20

G02b - Ionospheric effects on radio systems (I,C,P)

Wednesday 26/10/2005  15:20 - 18:00 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room =
CC-5

Convener: H. Chandra (India) / email: hchandra@prl.ernet.in

Co-convener(s): P. Lassudrie (France) =20

Summary

(Session continuation)

----------------------------------------------

=20

G03 - Electron density profiling and validation (I,C,P)

Thursday 27/10/2005  09:00 - 12:40 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room =
CC-5

Convener: J. Foster (USA) / email: jcf@haystack.mit.edu

Co-convener(s): D. Bilitza (USA) =20

Summary

This session will review the advances made in accurately measuring and =
modelling the electron density profile in the ionosphere. The different =
data sources and modelling approaches will be discussed with special =
emphasis on recent improvements. An important focus of this session will =
be on the comparison of data from different techniques and on =
comparisons between data and models. Validation of ionospheric models in =
regions that are critical for model applications and users are of =
particular interest. The session will include solicited as well as =
contributed papers.

----------------------------------------------

=20

G04 - Open session and latest results (I,C,P)

Monday 24/10/2005  09:00 - 12:40 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room CC-5

Convener: P. Wilkinson (Australia) / email: phil@ips.gov.au

Co-convener(s): J. Wu (China CIE) =20

Summary

This session welcomes the latest results related to Commission G terms =
of references, i.e. studies of the ionosphere in order to provide the =
broad understanding necessary to support space and ground-based radio =
systems

----------------------------------------------

=20

G05a - Small-scale structures (decameter and less) in the ionosphere =
(I,C,P)

Friday 28/10/2005  09:00 - 11:40 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room CC-5

Convener: J.P. St Maurice (Canada) / email: jstmauri@uwo.ca

Co-convener(s): J. Chau (Peru) =20

Summary

The ionosphere is being probed, trough its irregularities, by a steadily =
growing number of radars operating at 10 MHz and higher frequencies. The =
irregularities indicate not just where plasma instabilities are =
generated but they also can give an indication of the Dopppler shift of =
the plasma and of the degree of turbulence. However, the usefulness of =
the information can be limited by our understanding of the =
irregularities, be it because we do not understand their nonlinear =
evolution or because we do not even understand their origin. This =
session will seek to establish where we currently stand in our =
understanding of the small-scale ionospheric structures at all =
latitudes, both in the E and F region. We invite contributions that =
could shed some light on irregularity generation and evolution and =
welcome papers dealing with all aspects of the problem, namely: =
observations, theory and numerical modelling irrespective of latitudes.

----------------------------------------------

=20

G05b - Small-scale structures (decameter and less) in the ionosphere =
(I,C,P)

Friday 28/10/2005  15:20 - 18:00 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room CC-5

Convener: J.P. St Maurice (Canada) / email: jstmauri@uwo.ca

Co-convener(s): J. Chau (Peru) =20

Summary

(Session continuation)

----------------------------------------------

=20

GF1a - Atmosphere-ionosphere sounding by using global navigation =
satellite systems (I,C,P)

Monday 24/10/2005  15:20 - 18:00 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room CC-5

Convener: N. Jakowski (G, Germany) / email: norbert.jakowski@dlr.de

Co-convener(s): P. Spalla (G, Italy) =20

Summary

Ground and space based measurements using the global navigation =
satellite systems (GNSS) became a powerful tool for sounding the neutral =
and ionized atmosphere up to about 3 Earth radii. Ground based GNSS =
techniques have been successfully used to estimate integrated water =
vapor in the troposphere and to deduce the total electron content (TEC) =
of the ionosphere even to reconstruct the three-dimensional distribution =
of the observables by applying tomographic techniques. Low Earth =
Orbiting (LEO) satellites carrying GPS receiver onboard provided =
limb-sounding or radio occultation data sets from which vertical =
refractivity profiles of the atmosphere/plasmasphere systems can be =
derived effectively. LEO missions such as Oerstedt, CHAMP and SAC-C have =
significantly contributed to the improvement of measuring techniques, =
retrieval algorithms and assimilation tools. In this session we =
highlight the advances in GNSS sounding of the neutral atmosphere and =
ionosphere. Considering the existing ground based GNSS networks and =
satellite missions carrying GPS receiver on board, GNSS data will be =
increasingly available in real-time or near-real-time for feeding =
physics-based specification and forecast models. Hence, papers dealing =
with the above mentioned issues including data sources, data =
assimilation techniques and corresponding models are welcome

----------------------------------------------

=20

GF1b - Atmosphere-ionosphere sounding by using global navigation =
satellite systems (I ,C / 10)

Tuesday 25/10/2005  09:00 - 12:40 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room CC-5

Convener: N. Jakowski (G, Germany) / email: norbert.jakowski@dlr.de

Co-convener(s): P. Spalla (G, Italy) =20

Summary

(Session continuation)

----------------------------------------------

=20

GHJ - Novel ground-based radio techniques for studying the sun-earth =
plasma environment (I, C / 7)

Tuesday 25/10/2005  14:00 - 16:20 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room CC-5

Convener: C. Hanuise (G, France) / email: hanuise@cnrs-orleans.fr

Co-convener(s): B. Thide (H, Sweden) , H. Butcher (J, Netherlands)=20

Summary

This session will deal with new techniques and methods using radio waves =
and supplementary observations with optical and remote sensing methods =
to study the ionosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere and the relation to =
the lower atmosphere as well as its coupling with the magnetosphere and =
the solar wind. The topics include for instance: new ground-based and =
space-borne HF-radar and radio projects to sound the ionosphere, =
magnetospheric sounding and imaging, radar and radio wave propagation =
applications for study of space-weather effects, radar interferometry =
and imaging in space, the capability of HF to UHF radio astronomy for =
high resolution measurements of the ionosphere, magnetosphere and solar =
wind plasma.

----------------------------------------------

=20

GP1 - GENERAL POSTER SESSION COMMISSION G (P)

   -  / Poster Session / Room HNG

Convener: P. Cannon (UK) / email: pcannon@qinetiq.com

Co-convener(s): B. Zolesi (Italy) =20

Summary

Contributed results related to the terms of reference of the Commission

----------------------------------------------

=20

GP2 - Computation and networking in ionospheric radar systems (C,P)

   -  / Poster Session / Room HNG

Convener: J. Sahr (USA) / email: jssahr@geophys.washington.edu

Co-convener(s): T. Grydeland (Norway) =20

Summary

Modern radio remote sensing instruments have made excellent use of =
advances in computation and networking. For this reason we solicit =
papers describing recent advances in radio remote sensing in which the =
advances rely upon computation (inverse problems/ tomography; automatic =
parameter estimation; signal cleaning and clutter removal) and =
networking (distributed radar systems). In addition, we encourage =
presenters to describe related and prognostic work, such as protocols =
and techniques for software radar systems.

----------------------------------------------

=20

GT - TUTORIAL G - Radar imaging - Radar Imaging

Friday 28/10/2005  11:40 - 12:40 / Lecture Session / Room MC-E

Convener: C. Hanuise (Commission Chair) / email: hanuise@cnrs-orleans.fr

Co-convener(s): P.S. Cannon (Commission Vice-chair) =20

Lecturer: R. Woodman (Peru)

Summary

Radio Imaging has been used for quite some time in Radio and Radar =
Astronomy.  Its use is relatively new for ionospheric and atmospheric =
applications using coherent radar techniques, although  it has =
experienced a very rapid development.  For an intuitive understanding, =
it is useful to make and analogy of the radio imaging technique with an =
optical camera.  The process is similar; the main difference being the =
wave length used and the possibility to record the radio electromagnetic =
field as a continuous time series.   In an optical camera the field at =
the aperture or iris carries all the information of the outside world =
which will eventually form the image at the focal plane. Both fields are =
in fact Fourier transforms (or Fourier like) of each other. The body of =
the camera effectively carries out this transformation. In radio imaging =
the antenna aperture is the analog of the iris. Until recently the radio =
electromagnetic field at the aperture was operated upon to produce only =
one point of the image, that corresponding to the pointing direction of =
the antenna. In optics, this would have been equivalent to use only one =
photosensitive grain of a silver salt at the focal plane  This =
artificial limitation is circumvented with the imaging techniques by =
sampling the field at the aperture by separate antenna elements and =
receivers and carrying the necessary Fourier like transformations in a =
computer, in digital form.  What is interesting and not necessarily =
obvious is that, if the number of degrees of freedom of the image is not =
very large, one does not need to sample at all the available points of =
the radio analog of the optical aperture. One needs only as many samples =
as the number of degrees of freedom the image has and the use of =
parameter estimation theory and other optimum inversion algorithms.

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<DIV><FONT face=3DArial color=3D#000080 size=3D2><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT =
size=3D3>Colleagues</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT =
size=3D3></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3>Can&nbsp;we please =
draw you=20
attention to the following URSI General Assembly sessions appropriate to =

Commission G. Please note that the deadline of abstract submission was =
<DATE=20
year=3D"2005" day=3D"1" month=3D"2">February 1, 2005, b</DATE>ut now it =
has been=20
extended to <DATE year=3D"2005" day=3D"15" month=3D"2">February 15, =
2005.&nbsp; You=20
may submit your abstract online through website: </FONT><A=20
href=3D"http://www.ursiga2005.org"><FONT color=3D#000080=20
size=3D3>http://www.ursiga2005.org</FONT></A><FONT size=3D3>. =
</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT =
size=3D3></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3>kind =
regards</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT =
size=3D3></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman">
<DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=3DArial color=3D#000080 size=3D3>Christian Hanuise and =
Paul=20
Cannon</FONT></DIV></DATE></FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">__________________________________________________________________=
________________________</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">G01a - Imaging of the ionosphere=20
(I,C,P)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Thursday 27/10/2005<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes">&nbsp;=20
</SPAN>14:00 - 16:20 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: B. Wilson (USA) / email:=20
brian.wilson@jpl.nasa.gov<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): M. Codrescu (USA) , C. Mitchell =
(UK)=20
<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style=3D"mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">This special session seeks to review the latest =

developments in the field of ionospheric data assimilation and =
tomography.=20
Papers dealing with the need for ionospheric imaging, methods, and their =

strengths and limitations, and uncertainties related to the =
measurements, models=20
and imaging results are welcome. Papers about the implications of =
imaging for=20
both space weather operations and future research will also be =
considered. This=20
is a field where measurements and models work together for the =
advancement of=20
both.<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></FONT></=
FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">G01b - Imaging of the ionosphere=20
(I,C,P)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Saturday 29/10/2005<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes">&nbsp;=20
</SPAN>09:00 - 11:40 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: B. Wilson (USA) / email:=20
brian.wilson@jpl.nasa.gov<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): M. Codrescu (USA) , C. Mitchell =
(UK)=20
<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style=3D"mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">(Session=20
continuation)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></FONT></=
FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">G02a - Ionospheric effects on radio systems=20
(I,C,P)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Wednesday 26/10/2005<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>09:00 - 12:40 / Oral Session / =
7 papers=20
/ Room CC-5<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: H. Chandra (India) / email:=20
hchandra@prl.ernet.in<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): P. Lassudrie (France)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style=3D"mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">This session includes ionospheric effects on =
terrestrial=20
and earth-space propagation at all latitudes. The frequencies involved =
range=20
from VLF to microwaves. Systems to be considered include radio =
communications=20
systems, the Global Navigation Satellite System, satellite SAR imagery =
and ocean=20
altimetry by satellite borne =
radars<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></FONT></=
FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">G02b - Ionospheric effects on radio systems=20
(I,C,P)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Wednesday 26/10/2005<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>15:20 - 18:00 / Oral Session / =
7 papers=20
/ Room CC-5<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: H. Chandra (India) / email:=20
hchandra@prl.ernet.in<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): P. Lassudrie (France)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style=3D"mso-ansi-language: =
EN-GB"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">(Session=20
continuation)<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></FONT></=
FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3D3><FONT =
color=3D#000000><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">G03 - Electron density profiling and validation =

(I,C,P)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Thursday 27/10/2005&nbsp;=20
09:00 - 12:40 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: J. Foster (USA) / email:=20
jcf@haystack.mit.edu<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): D. Bilitza (USA)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">This session will review the advances made in =
accurately=20
measuring and modelling the electron density profile in the ionosphere. =
The=20
different data sources and modelling approaches will be discussed with =
special=20
emphasis on recent improvements. An important focus of this session will =
be on=20
the comparison of data from different techniques and on comparisons =
between data=20
and models. Validation of ionospheric models in regions that are =
critical for=20
model applications and users are of particular interest. The session =
will=20
include solicited as well as contributed=20
papers.<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">G04 - Open session and latest results=20
(I,C,P)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Monday 24/10/2005&nbsp;=20
09:00 - 12:40 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: P. Wilkinson (Australia) / email:=20
phil@ips.gov.au<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): J. Wu (China CIE)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">This session welcomes the latest results =
related to=20
Commission G terms of references, i.e. studies of the ionosphere in =
order to=20
provide the broad understanding necessary to support space and =
ground-based=20
radio systems<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">G05a - Small-scale structures (decameter and =
less) in the=20
ionosphere (I,C,P)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Friday 28/10/2005&nbsp;=20
09:00 - 11:40 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: J.P. St Maurice (Canada) / email:=20
jstmauri@uwo.ca<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): J. Chau (Peru)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">The ionosphere is being probed, trough its=20
irregularities, by a steadily growing number of radars operating at 10 =
MHz and=20
higher frequencies. The irregularities indicate not just where plasma=20
instabilities are generated but they also can give an indication of the =
Dopppler=20
shift of the plasma and of the degree of turbulence. However, the =
usefulness of=20
the information can be limited by our understanding of the =
irregularities, be it=20
because we do not understand their nonlinear evolution or because we do =
not even=20
understand their origin. This session will seek to establish where we =
currently=20
stand in our understanding of the small-scale ionospheric structures at =
all=20
latitudes, both in the E and F region. We invite contributions that =
could shed=20
some light on irregularity generation and evolution and welcome papers =
dealing=20
with all aspects of the problem, namely: observations, theory and =
numerical=20
modelling irrespective of =
latitudes.<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">G05b - Small-scale structures (decameter and =
less) in the=20
ionosphere (I,C,P)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Friday 28/10/2005&nbsp;=20
15:20 - 18:00 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: J.P. St Maurice (Canada) / email:=20
jstmauri@uwo.ca<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): J. Chau (Peru)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">(Session=20
continuation)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">GF1a - Atmosphere-ionosphere sounding by using =
global=20
navigation satellite systems=20
(I,C,P)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Monday 24/10/2005&nbsp;=20
15:20 - 18:00 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: N. Jakowski (G, Germany) / email:=20
norbert.jakowski@dlr.de<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): P. Spalla (G, Italy)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Ground and space based measurements using the =
global=20
navigation satellite systems (GNSS) became a powerful tool for sounding =
the=20
neutral and ionized atmosphere up to about 3 Earth radii. Ground based =
GNSS=20
techniques have been successfully used to estimate integrated water =
vapor in the=20
troposphere and to deduce the total electron content (TEC) of the =
ionosphere=20
even to reconstruct the three-dimensional distribution of the =
observables by=20
applying tomographic techniques. Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites =
carrying=20
GPS receiver onboard provided limb-sounding or radio occultation data =
sets from=20
which vertical refractivity profiles of the atmosphere/plasmasphere =
systems can=20
be derived effectively. LEO missions such as Oerstedt, CHAMP and SAC-C =
have=20
significantly contributed to the improvement of measuring techniques, =
retrieval=20
algorithms and assimilation tools. In this session we highlight the =
advances in=20
GNSS sounding of the neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. Considering the =
existing=20
ground based GNSS networks and satellite missions carrying GPS receiver =
on=20
board, GNSS data will be increasingly available in real-time or =
near-real-time=20
for feeding physics-based specification and forecast models. Hence, =
papers=20
dealing with the above mentioned issues including data sources, data=20
assimilation techniques and corresponding models are=20
welcome<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">GF1b - Atmosphere-ionosphere sounding by using =
global=20
navigation satellite systems (I ,C /=20
10)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Tuesday 25/10/2005&nbsp;=20
09:00 - 12:40 / Oral Session / 10 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: N. Jakowski (G, Germany) / email:=20
norbert.jakowski@dlr.de<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): P. Spalla (G, Italy)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">(Session=20
continuation)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">GHJ - Novel ground-based radio techniques for =
studying=20
the sun-earth plasma environment (I, C /=20
7)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Tuesday 25/10/2005&nbsp;=20
14:00 - 16:20 / Oral Session / 7 papers / Room=20
CC-5<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: C. Hanuise (G, France) / email:=20
hanuise@cnrs-orleans.fr<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): B. Thide (H, Sweden) , H. =
Butcher (J,=20
Netherlands) <o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">This session will deal with new techniques and =
methods=20
using radio waves and supplementary observations with optical and remote =
sensing=20
methods to study the ionosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere and the =
relation to=20
the lower atmosphere as well as its coupling with the magnetosphere and =
the=20
solar wind. The topics include for instance: new ground-based and =
space-borne=20
HF-radar and radio projects to sound the ionosphere, magnetospheric =
sounding and=20
imaging, radar and radio wave propagation applications for study of=20
space-weather effects, radar interferometry and imaging in space, the =
capability=20
of HF to UHF radio astronomy for high resolution measurements of the =
ionosphere,=20
magnetosphere and solar wind =
plasma.<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">GP1 - GENERAL POSTER SESSION COMMISSION G=20
(P)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
-&nbsp; / Poster Session =
/ Room=20
HNG<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: P. Cannon (UK) / email:=20
pcannon@qinetiq.com<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): B. Zolesi (Italy)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Contributed results related to the terms of =
reference of=20
the Commission<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">GP2 - Computation and networking in ionospheric =
radar=20
systems (C,P)<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">&nbsp;<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; -&nbsp;=20
/ Poster Session / Room =
HNG<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: J. Sahr (USA) / email:=20
jssahr@geophys.washington.edu<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): T. Grydeland (Norway)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Modern radio remote sensing instruments have =
made=20
excellent use of advances in computation and networking. For this reason =
we=20
solicit papers describing recent advances in radio remote sensing in =
which the=20
advances rely upon computation (inverse problems/ tomography; automatic=20
parameter estimation; signal cleaning and clutter removal) and =
networking=20
(distributed radar systems). In addition, we encourage presenters to =
describe=20
related and prognostic work, such as protocols and techniques for =
software radar=20
systems.<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
FONT>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p>
<B=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">GT - TUTORIAL G - Radar imaging - Radar=20
Imaging<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Friday 28/10/2005&nbsp;=20
11:40 - 12:40 / Lecture Session / Room=20
MC-E<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Convener: C. Hanuise (Commission Chair) / =
email:=20
hanuise@cnrs-orleans.fr<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Co-convener(s): P.S. Cannon (Commission =
Vice-chair)<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;=20
<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Lecturer: R. Woodman=20
(Peru)<o:p></o:p>
<I=20
style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT=20
size=3D3><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">Summary<o:p></o:p>
<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman">Radio Imaging has been used for quite some time =
in Radio=20
and Radar Astronomy.&nbsp; Its =
use is=20
relatively new for ionospheric and atmospheric applications using =
coherent radar=20
techniques, although&nbsp; it =
has=20
experienced a very rapid development.&nbsp;=20
For an intuitive understanding, it is useful to make and analogy =
of the=20
radio imaging technique with an optical camera.<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; The process is similar; the =
main=20
difference being the wave length used and the possibility to record the =
radio=20
electromagnetic field as a continuous time series.<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; In an optical camera the =
field at=20
the aperture or iris carries all the information of the outside world =
which will=20
eventually form the image at the focal plane. Both fields are in fact =
Fourier=20
transforms (or Fourier like) of each other. The body of the camera =
effectively=20
carries out this transformation. In radio imaging the antenna aperture =
is the=20
analog of the iris. Until recently the radio electromagnetic field at =
the=20
aperture was operated upon to produce only one point of the image, that=20
corresponding to the pointing direction of the antenna. In optics, this =
would=20
have been equivalent to use only one photosensitive grain of a silver =
salt at=20
the focal plane&nbsp; This =
artificial=20
limitation is circumvented with the imaging techniques by sampling the =
field at=20
the aperture by separate antenna elements and receivers and carrying the =

necessary Fourier like transformations in a computer, in digital =
form.<SPAN=20
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; What is interesting and not =
necessarily=20
obvious is that, if the number of degrees of freedom of the image is not =
very=20
large, one does not need to sample at all the available points of the =
radio=20
analog of the optical aperture. One needs only as many samples as the =
number of=20
degrees of freedom the image has and the use of parameter estimation =
theory and=20
other optimum inversion =
algorithms.<o:p></o:p>
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style=3D"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New =
Roman">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></=
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